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Jesus prayer: Prayer form dating back to the fifth century: “Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me (a sinner).”

Joy: One of the 12 fruits of the Holy Spirit: the pleasure experienced by one who knows Christ as the ultimate happiness. Joy is a kind of completion to happiness when one becomes a disciple of Jesus; this pleasure will be most intense and perfect in heaven.

Judgment, Particular: The judgment rendered by God at one’s death. The deceased will then go to heaven, purgatory or hell. When the General Judgment occurs, body and soul will be reunited.

Justification: The process by which a sinner is made “righteous” in the sight of God. This occurs when one accepts the free and unearned gift of faith and responds to it by acts of charity — for example, good works performed out of love for God and neighbor.

Just War Theory: The parameters used to measure whether or not a war is ethically just. Catholic discussion of a just war derives from the natural law and contends that it is always morally evil to kill innocent human life. Hence a country may enter a war if it or its allies are unjustly attacked, provided the war is a last resort and undertaken to repel the attack. Just means, just intention and just end all have to be present; only those military means absolutely necessary can be employed, and the war must be declared by legitimate authority. Furthermore, no civilian populations can be targeted, nor can there be any side effects so evil as to outweigh the benefit of engaging in war.